照烧鸡腿饭里的“照烧”,到底是个什么东西?

你吃过照烧鸡腿饭吗?


超市便当、日料快餐、外卖榜单上,它永远是那个“不知道吃什么就选它”的存在,但“照烧”到底是个什么东西?


Teriyaki, now a familiar flavor on dining tables around the world, began as a traditional Japanese method of preparing fish before evolving through cultural exchange and overseas adaptation.


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“照烧”来自日语“照り焼き”拆开看:“照り(teri)”意思是“光泽、闪亮”,“焼き(yaki)”是“烤、煎”。合起来就是,一种能让食物表面闪闪发亮的烤制法。


The word comes from the Japanese terms teri (shine) and yaki (grill), referring to the glossy finish created when a mixture of soy sauce and mirin caramelizes during cooking.


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图源:VCG


那个光泽的秘诀,其实是糖分。


传统日式照烧酱,多采用酱油+味醂lǎn(一种又甜又醇的日本甜米酒,米曲发酵后再加烧酎),加热时糖分变成焦糖色,给食材刷上一层。


传统的日式照烧,烤的其实不是鸡肉,是鱼肉。


最初,日本渔民把鰤鱼、鲑鱼用酱油和味醂腌过再烤,又香又亮,还能靠高糖分延长保存时间。


那照烧鸡肉是怎么冒出来的?这就要说起一个有趣的故事了。


1950年代,日本酱油公司龟甲万准备把酱油卖进美国,但美国人当时基本不怎么吃酱油。


不过龟甲万发现,美国人对烧烤(BBQ)狂热至极,而酱油做烧烤酱居然无比适配。


日本移民在夏威夷已经把传统的“酱油+味醂”配方改成了“酱油+糖”因为夏威夷遍地甘蔗园,加糖更方便。


Originally, the technique was used mainly for fish such as yellowtail and salmon. In the 1950s, as Japanese soy sauce producer Kikkoman Corporation sought to enter the US market, the recipe was adapted by Japanese immigrants in Hawaii, who substituted mirin with sugar.


龟甲万索性不再纠结“酱油”身份。1961年,他们为北美市场专门推出了照烧酱,定位是腌料(marinade)


配方也大改:没有味醂,用糖替代,还加了葡萄酒和醋,迎合美国人喜欢的酸甜口。1970年,“Teriyaki(照烧)”正式被收进《韦氏词典》。


照烧在美国流行后,大家发现用现成的照烧酱,煎个鸡腿收个汁,出锅后照样亮晶晶,根本不比烤的差。


于是,“照烧鸡腿”就这样诞生了。


Building on that version, Kikkoman launched a teriyaki sauce in North America in 1961, adding ingredients such as wine and vinegar to cater to local palates. As the sauce gained popularity, cooks discovered that it paired equally well with pan-fried meat as it did with grilled fish.


In 1970, "teriyaki" entered the Merriam-Webster dictionary, marking its evolution from a traditional Japanese cooking technique into a globally recognized flavor.


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接下来是学习英语的时间!


Teriyaki sauce  /ter.ɪˈjɑː.ki sɔːs/


照烧酱。在美国,teriyaki更多指这种瓶装酱汁,味道偏甜。


I marinated the chicken in teriyaki sauce before grilling.

烤之前,我先用照烧酱把鸡肉腌了一下。


Marinade /mærɪˈneɪd/


腌料。用来腌肉的液体,腌完通常倒掉,跟蘸酱(sauce)不同。


I’ll prepare a soy-based marinade for the steak.

我打算调一份以酱油为主的腌料来腌牛排。


Glaze /ɡleɪz/


糖釉,光亮的酱汁层。照烧料理表面那层亮晶晶的东西就是它。


The teriyaki glaze gave the chicken a beautiful shine.

照烧酱汁让鸡肉表面呈现出诱人的光泽。


Umami /uːˈmɑː.mi/


鲜味。日语借词,现在英文里很常用。


Soy sauce adds a rich umami flavor to the dish.

酱油为这道菜增添了浓郁的鲜味。


Sweet and savory 


甜咸口的。形容照烧这类风味非常地道。


I love sweet and savory combos like teriyaki.

我很喜欢照烧这种咸甜交融的风味。


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来源:外研社UNIPUS