警惕美国式远洋捕捞:“美国优先投资政策”对中概股的影响

来源:公司与证券法点评  作者:李寿双

2025年2月21日,美国白宫发布“America First Investment Policy”备忘录,其中有三点跟中概股直接相关:

  • 其一是确定《外国公司问责法》(Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act)所要求的审计标准是否得到充分执行

  • 其二是审查外国对手(foreign-adversary)公司在美国上市采用的VIE架构对所有权限制及美国投资者保护情况,以及对这些公司欺诈行为的指控

  • 其三恢复《退休雇员安全法》最高的信义义务标准以确保外国对手公司不再符合养老金投资的标准①。

第三点还算是过去一系列限制投资中国公司政策的延续和加强,如备忘录里列举的一系列的行政命令提出的对中国公司发行的证券的投资限制②。但是第一和第二点应当引起警惕

《外国公司问责法》推出后,中美围绕中概股审计检查问题进行了长期艰苦的谈判。终于,中国证券监督管理委员会、中华人民共和国财政部于2022年8月26日与美国公众公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)签署审计监管合作协议。后续PCAOB展开了检查,合作总体上较为顺畅,检查结果也出乎意料的平静,并没有发现太多的严重舞弊,特别是不存在系统性的问题。

在市场逐渐忽略这个问题带来的挑战时,美国白宫重提此事,并要求美国财政部会商美国证监会和PCAOB进行再研判。在政治导向如此明显的背景下,这势必会导致PCAOB加大对审计机构的检查力度和提升检查的尺度,这可能会导致部分中小型审计机构(而这些恰恰是为中概股服务的主流机构)工作承压,部分工作质量不够高的审计机构可能退出市场,同时必然导致审计程序更加严苛,增加上市成本和复杂度

此外,目前不少受PCAOB监管的外国审计机构在审计中概股公司时选择与本地审计机构合作(这同时也是因为受到中国财政部的规则限制),而这种合作是否足够严格其实并没有经过严苛的审视,不排除未来这将会成为PCAOB加强检查行为模式下的关注重点。

更为值得关注的是备忘录对VIE架构的高度关切

早在Gary Gensler主政美国证监会期间,就公开地、多次地对中概股公司普遍使用的VIE架构发出过强烈质疑。2021年7月,Gary Gensler在推特上称,对于海外“壳公司”以及购买“壳公司”股票的投资者而言,他们并不实际拥有对应境内运营公司的股票,而普通投资者可能很难认识到这一点。10月份在美国国会听证会上说的则更加负面③。后来SEC虽然没有禁止VIE(实际上主要是因为SEC没有这个权力),但是要求一系列严格的风险披露并且对VIE架构公司审查也更为严格

其实中国监管部门对VIE架构公司也是非常慎重,这导致VIE架构可能“腹背承压”,虽然市场现在已经意识到这一点,能不用VIE的尽量不用VIE,但是恐怕未来还要提升等级,甚至干脆就彻底放弃VIE。

尤为值得警惕的是对VIE架构的审查。备忘录是要求美国司法部会同FBI实施的,要求他们围绕这些采取VIE架构的中概股公司可审计性、公司治理、民事或刑事欺诈行为等给美国投资者带来的风险提交一份书面建议④。美国司法部和FBI是调查及执法机构,其“问题导向性”的行为模式,叠加备忘录的特殊政治考虑,就很容易导致这一建议成为“上纲上线”的指控檄文,不排除将VIE架构本身定性为一种“欺诈”做法(scheme)

这些要求不仅影响未来中国公司赴美上市,而且对已经在美国上市的中概股都是一种极大的打击,不排除美国司法部采取一系列执法措施,逼迫这些VIE架构公司与美国司法部达成刑事和解。美国式远洋捕捞不可不防

注释:

①  (l) To protect the savings of United States investors and channel them into American growth and prosperity, my Administration will also: (i) determine if adequate financial auditing standards are upheld for companies covered by the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act; (ii) review the variable interest entity and subsidiary structures used by foreign-adversary companies to trade on United States exchanges, which limit the ownership rights and protections for United States investors, as well as allegations of fraudulent behavior by these companies; and (iii)  restore the highest fiduciary standards as required by the Employee Retirement Security Act of 1974, seeking to ensure that foreign adversary companies are ineligible for pension plan contributions.

② The United States will also use all necessary legal instruments to further deter United States persons from investing in the PRC’s military-industrial sector.  These may include the imposition of sanctions under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) through the blocking of assets or through other actions, including actions pursuant to Executive Order 13959 of November 12, 2020 (Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies), as amended by Executive Order 13974 of January 13, 2021 (Amending Executive Order 13959 — Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies) and Executive Order 14032 of June 3, 2021 (Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Certain Companies of the People’s Republic of China), and actions pursuant to Executive Order 14105 of August 9, 2023 (Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern).  Executive Order 14105 is under review by my Administration, pursuant to the Presidential Memorandum of January 20, 2025 (America First Trade Policy), to examine whether it includes sufficient controls to address national security threats.

③ “…… investors might not realize they don’t actually own a piece of the Chinese company—they’re betting on contracts that could be voided by Beijing at any moment.”

④ with respect to section 2(l)(ii) of this memorandum, the Attorney General, in coordination with the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, shall provide a written recommendation on the risk posed to United States investors based on the auditability, corporate oversight, and evidence of criminal or civil fraudulent behavior for all foreign adversary companies currently listed on domestic exchanges; and with respect to section 2(l)(iii) of this memorandum.

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