不吃早餐与儿童青少年超重和肥胖呈显著正相关,与腹部肥胖也存在相关。 不吃早餐的儿童和青少年的肥胖/超重率明显高于吃早餐的儿童和青少年,风险升高了59%。 不吃早餐对于女孩超重/肥胖的影响比男孩更大。
男性的平均BMI指数为23.3,女性为21.9;男性的平均腰围为 82.6cm,女性为77.8cm。在追踪期间,男性和女性的平均BMI增加了0.2,男性平均腰围增加了1.1厘米,女性平均腰围增加了1.0厘米。 与每天吃早餐的男性相比,每周吃0-3次早餐的男性BMI以0.061/年的速度增加,不吃早餐的男性的BMI年增加速度为0.046。 与每天吃早餐的男性相比,不吃早餐的男性腰围以0.246厘米/年的速度增加。
不吃早餐或者晚餐晚吃的人更可能是男性、年轻人、抽烟、饮酒、饮食质量低、受教育水平高、收入较高、经常锻炼的人。 不健康饮食习惯与体重和腰围有剂量依赖效应。有不吃早餐或者晚餐晚吃其中一种饮食习惯的人体重以0.29公斤/年速度增长,有这两种饮食习惯的人体重以0.53公斤/年速度增长。这两种饮食习惯对于腰围和BMI也有相似影响。 不吃早餐或者晚餐晚吃对于腰围和体重的增加效果在参与研究时就饮食质量差、BMI偏高的人群中更为明显。 不吃早餐或者晚餐晚吃对于腰围和体重的增加效果在年龄小于60岁,无糖尿病、癌症和心血管疾病的人群中同样非常显著。 不吃早餐或者晚餐晚吃对于腰围和体重的增加效果不受性别和体育锻炼影响。
有 12% 和 32% 的母亲和父亲在孩子1.5岁时通常不吃早餐。 在所有年龄段,母亲或父亲不吃早餐的孩子比父母吃早餐的孩子更有可能不吃早餐。当父母双方都不吃早餐时,孩子不吃早餐的可能性最高。 与不吃早餐的儿童相比,不吃早餐的儿童超重风险增加18%,肥胖的风险增加116%。
瘦素水平下降:瘦素是控制饱腹感的激素,其减少会导致食欲增加。 胃饥饿素水平升高:胃饥饿素促进食欲,睡眠不足时其水平升高,可能导致暴饮暴食。 胰岛素敏感性降低:睡眠不足与胰岛素抵抗相关,降低细胞对葡萄糖的利用效率,从而改变基础代谢和血糖控制。
参考材料
Skipping breakfast is associated with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis - ScienceDirect
The effect of breakfast on childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC
Skipping breakfast and 5‐year changes in body mass index and waist circumference in Japanese men and women - PMC
Longitudinal associations of skipping breakfast and night eating with 4-year changes in weight and waist circumference among Chinese adults - ScienceDirect
Association between skipping breakfast in parents and children and childhood overweight/obesity among children: a nationwide 10.5-year prospective study in Japan | International Journal of Obesity
Circadian Rhythms in Resting Metabolic Rate Account for Apparent Daily Rhythms in the Thermic Effect of Food - PMC
Eating habits matter for sleep difficulties in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study - PMC
Relationships between internet addiction, smartphone addiction, sleep quality, and academic performance among high-school students - PMC
Eating habits are associated with subjective sleep quality outcomes among university students: findings of a cross-sectional study | Sleep and Breathing
Skipping breakfast is associated with lower fat-free mass in healthy young subjects: a cross-sectional study - ScienceDirect
Study on Breakfast Consumption Pattern and Its Outcomes in Relation to Hematological and Body Composition Indices among Adolescent Girls: Ecology of Food and Nutrition: Vol 59, No 6
Effect of breakfast protein intake on muscle mass and strength in adults: a scoping review | Nutrition Reviews | Oxford Academic