划重点
01地质学家常用的时间单位Ma(百万年)和Ga(十亿年)与国际知名芬兰地质学家卡勒沃·兰卡玛教授密切相关。
02兰卡玛在1967年发表了短文“Megayear and Gigayear: Two Units of Geological Time”,建议使用Ma和Ga作为地质时间单位。
03目前,Ma和Ga已广泛应用于现代地质学研究中,如Nature、Geology等知名期刊的论文标题中。
04除此之外,卡勒沃·兰卡玛教授还曾研究前寒武纪基岩的年龄分类,为地质学领域做出了重要贡献。
以上内容由腾讯混元大模型生成,仅供参考
“数理化,天地生”
“学好数理化,走遍天下都不怕”
……
诸如此类的句子我们都非常熟悉
地球科学是理解和认识地球的形成演化历史、资源环境效应、人地关系基本规律和其他天体对地球影响的科学。地球科学作为一门与物理学、化学、生物学并列的自然科学,其实是由地理学、地质学、地球化学、地球物理学与空间物理学、大气科学和海洋科学等六大学科组成的。
下面举4个例子:
国际顶级学术期刊Nature(《自然》)上的一篇论文标题出现“3.95Ga”
地质学领域享有盛誉的老牌权威期刊Geology(《地质学》)上的一篇论文标题出现“1250Ma”和“20Ma”
国内知名科技期刊《科学通报》上一篇论文标题出现“1.8Ga”
SCI收录中文学术期刊《岩石学报》上一篇论文标题出现“95Ma”
@
为了测量地质时间,也为了指示第四纪之前矿物和岩石的年龄,地质学家目前使用两个时间单位,即“百万年”(106年)和“十亿年”(109年)。这些时间单位的缩写却是多种多样的。对最近出版的一些书籍、专著和研讨会论文集进行检查后,可以发现存在以下表达和缩写:million years,millions of years,106 年,m.y.,m.yr,m.yrs,Myr,106 a,106 y,106 yr,106 years;billion years,b.y.,109 a,109 y,109 yr,109 yrs和109 years。这种缩写在陨石年代学中也很常见。在德国出版物中,“百万年”则用mio Jahre表达;在法国出版物中,“百万年”通常使用MA,M.A.,m.a.和mA。
For measuring geological time and for indicating the age of minerals and rocks before the Quaternary, geologists are at present using two time units, namely, one million year (106 years) and one “billion” years (109 years). The abbreviations of these units are indeed variable. A check of a number of recently published books, monographs, and symposium volumes produced the following expressions and abbreviations: million years, millions of years, years of 106, m.y., m.yr., m.yrs., Myr, 106 a, 106 y, 106 yr, 106 years; and billion years, b.y., 109 a, 109 y, 109 yr, 109 yrs, and 109 years. Such abbreviations are also current in meteorite chronology. In German publications, mio Jahre and in French works, MA, M.A., m.a., and mA for a million years are customarily used.
Instead of a “billion” years, the name, aeon (or eon), is sometimes used, particularly in meteorite chronology. In normal parlance, however, an aeon refers to an immeasurably long or an indefinite period of time. In addition, it has been proposed that Eon be used as a unit of time stratigraphy. Thus, the Cenozoic Era, the Mesozoic Era, and the Palaeozoic Era are combined into a geological time unit called the Phanerozoic Eon.
The purpose of this note is to call the attention of geologists to two eminently suitable units of geological time, based on the recommendations of the Commission for Symbols, Units and Nomenclature (SUN Commission) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). These units are the megayear (Myr=106 years) and the gigayear (Gyr=109 years). Their names and abbreviations follow the style of such well established units as the nanosecond, the nanogram, the megaelectron volt, and the gigawatt, which are commonly used in physics and in chemistry. The introduction of such unit names has probably passed unnoticed by most geologists. The names megayear and gigayear are convenient in use, and their abbreviations are easy to write and to set in type. They are strongly recommended for use in chronostratigraphy and in geochronometry. Perhaps, in radiocarbon dating, it would not be impossible speak of kiloyears (kyr=103 years) instead of thousands of years, when Quaternary geologists get used to modern physical nomenclature.
To conclude: “Nothing is so plentiful as Time”. The age of the Earth is about 4.8 Gyr and length of Pre-Cambrian time is about 3,400 Myr.
“卡勒沃·兰卡玛是谁?
1971年卡勒沃·兰卡玛获德国地质学会Gustav Steinmann奖的介绍照片
卡勒沃·兰卡玛的人生简历
1960年在瑞典乌普萨拉参加北欧冬季会议的地质学家合影(右1:兰卡玛)
兰卡玛后来特别研究了前寒武纪基岩的年龄分类。
作者:刘强/中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所 中国矿物岩石地球化学学会科普工作委员会
参考文献
李文范,宋正海主编. 地球科学年表. 北京:石油工业出版社. 1998年,第258页
美编 | 陈永焱
校对 | 刘 强