儿童步行上下学、独立出行以及体能活动，受到了哪些因素的影响？｜FoAR

本文来自“建筑学研究前沿FoAR”，文章仅代表作者观点，与“环球科学科研圈”无关。

Understanding children's active school commute, independent mobility, and physical activity in Austin, Texas, USA: Roles of physical environments

社区环境在儿童活跃的学校通勤、独立出行以及体能活动中的作用

Xuemei Zhu (a)*, Lingyi Qiu (b), Hanwool Lee (c), Chanam Lee (c)

(a)  Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

(b)  Huckabee College of Architecture, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

(c)  Department of Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

步行上下学（WTS）是一种重要的习惯性健康体能活动（PA）。这项横断面研究考察了与美国得克萨斯州奥斯汀市小学生步行上下学相关的多层次因素，以及步行上下学、社区环境是否与独立出行及体能活动的增加有关。该研究通过对学生家长进行问卷调查收集数据，使用地理信息系统计算家到学校的最短距离，并采用二元逻辑回归模型进行分析。路程距离、社区障碍（例如高速公路、城市快速路、繁忙街道）、社区环境质量和交通问题都是步行上下学的重要预测因素。社区内设的学校以及无人看护的玩耍都可以增加孩子们独立前往学校之外目的地的可能性。人行道的可用性与状态、社区内有朋友或亲戚家，以及前往学校之外目的地的独立行程，都预示着孩子在无人看护的情况下在户外玩耍的可能性的增加。孩子对陌生人的恐惧会降低其独立出行以及无人看护情况下玩耍的可能性。便利的服务设施以及无看护玩耍也增加了实现体能活动标准的可能性。本研究明确了步行上下学、独立出行以及完成体能活动标准的环境预测因素。为了今后进一步提高孩子的体能活动水平，我们不仅需要提倡他们步行上下学，还应鼓励他们独立出行前往学校以外的目的地，以及在无人看护的情况下安全地进行其它活动。

Independent mobility / 独立出行

Play / 玩耍

Physical activity / 体能活动

Neighborhood environment/ 社区环境

Children / 儿童

1. Introduction / 引言

1.1. Background / 研究背景

1.2. Study aims / 研究目的

2. Materials and methods / 研究内容及方法

2.1. Study design, study settings, and population / 研究设计、环境、人群

2.2. Data collection and analysis / 数据收集与分析

3. Results / 研究成果

3.1. Survey responses and descriptive statistics of the outcome variables / 调查反馈以及结果变量的描述性统计数据

3.2. Research Question 1: what physical environmental factors predicted WTS? / 研究问题 1：哪些社区环境因素可预测步行上下学的意向？

3.3. Research Question 2: do WTS and neighborhood physical environmental factors predict independent travel to non-school destinations (Question 2a), unsupervised outdoor play (Question 2b), and meeting PA guidelines (Question 2c)? / 研究问题 2：步行上下学以及社区环境因素是否能够预测前往学校以外目的地的独立出行（问题 2a）、无人看护情况下的户外玩耍（问题 2b）以及是否符合体能活动（PA）的标准要求（问题 2c）？

4. Discussion / 讨论

4.1. Study limitations / 研究的局限性

4.2. Key findings and implications for future research and practice / 对未来研究与实践的关键性发现和影响

5. Conclusions / 结论

▲ 图一：奥斯汀独立学区（AISD）内各所学校所在的位置以及有资格享受免费或减价午餐的学童所占的百分比。

▲ 表一：研究人群、样本框架以及研究样本的社会人口学特征。

Dr. Xuemei Zhu is a Professor in the Department of Architecture and a Faculty Fellow in the Center for Health Systems & Design at Texas A&M University. She is also a Presidential Impact Fellow and the holder of the Ronald L. Skaggs, FAIA & Joseph Sprague, FAIA Chair in Health Facilities Design, and the Co-director of the research group on Design Research for Active Living. Dr. Zhu’s scholarship investigates the impacts of the built environment on public health and social equity, with a specific focus on active living, healthy communities, evidence-based healthcare design, school design, and workplace design, using interdisciplinary approaches. Her research is supported by agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), and the American Institute of Architects (AIA), with a total support of about $7.3 million. She has published extensively in the fields of environmental design and planning, environment-behavior research, and public health. Her teaching centers on the theme of environment-behavior relationships and strengthens the link between environment-behavior research and design practice.

Lingyi Qiu

Hanwool Lee

Dr. Hanwool Lee is a post-doctoral research associate at Texas A&M University. His major is urban planning and design. He is interested in measuring/quantifying urban form and other elements of urban environments and their impact on pedestrian behavior. He is especially an expert in the handling of GIS data.

Chanam Lee

Professor / Executive Associate Dean

Chanam Lee is a Professor of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning and founding director of Design Research for Active Living (DrAL), at Texas A&M University. Lee's research focuses on linking the built environment with public health outcomes. Her expertise is in 'active living research,’ a transdisciplinary area of research that deals with environmental and policy approaches toward promoting physical activity. Lee's contributions to this relatively new area of scholarship is significant in: (a) developing methodological and theoretical foundations, (b) bringing attention to high-risk populations, and (c) translating research into tools/guides to facilitate evidence-based policy/design interventions. Lee has led 25 externally funded projects as the PI or Co-PI at TAMU, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, National Institute of Health, etc., totaling almost $15 million. Two of her on-going NIH R01 projects, titled Active Living Austin and Active El Paso, exemplify her current and continued focus on advancing environment-health research by establishing causality and addressing disparity. Lee (co)authored over 100 peer-reviewed publications in leading journals/books in health and design/planning disciplines, and is among the most cited scholars in her field. She has made almost 300 presentations including 150 conference and 60 invited keynote/plenary presentations. She is the recipient of the Excellence in Research and/or Creative Works Award, Senior Level, in 2020 from the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture. The significance of her scholarship has been recognized by multiple other awards from American Public Health Association, American Society of Landscape Architects, Scott & White Healthcare, and Center for Transportation Studies. Her work has also impacted professional practices in urban planning and landscape architecture, by informing new policy development and by providing evidence-based guides for multiple built and under-construction design projects in the U.S., Japan and Nigeria. These projects range from hospital healing garden designs to large-scale health-oriented community planning projects.

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