多看恐怖片，有利于个人成长与发展？｜科学60秒

Rachel Feltman: For Scientific American’s Science Quickly, this is Rachel Feltman. As most of you listening to this probably know, I’m pretty into podcasts. But my first experiences with the format—or at least the ones that really hooked me—weren’t the science shows you might expect. I first got into audio by listening to horror podcasts. I’d creep myself out listening to The Black Tapes and The Magnus Archives, feeling so viscerally spooked that sometimes I actually had trouble sleeping.

Even if you’re not a horror fan yourself, you can’t deny that humans on the whole seem to really like getting scared. That’s especially apparent this time of year, what with all the haunted houses and spooky hayrides on offer for Halloween. But what is it about fear that draws us in?

My guest today is an expert on precisely that. Coltan Scrivner is a behavioral scientist at the Recreational Fear Lab at Aarhus University in Denmark and the Psychology Department at Arizona State University. He investigates what he calls the “evolutionary and psychological underpinnings of morbid curiosity and our fascination with the darker side of life.”

Coltan, thanks so much for coming on to talk today.

Coltan Scrivner: Yeah, happy to be here.

Feltman: So what got you interested in studying fear?

Scrivner: When I was in graduate school, I just became interested in this idea that people sometimes go and watch violence for fun when, in almost every other case, violence is seen as immoral, is pushed to the edges of society, is punished. But there are very circumscribed cases throughout history and across cultures where violence is not only okay but sometimes celebrated.

Feltman: Mm.

Scrivner: And so I started out kind of with that, what seemed like a paradox, there. And over time that kind of evolved into: “Well, people also scare themselves for fun, right? Why do they do that?” And that kind of meshed with the interest in violence. And over time that sort of evolved into this research program that I have on morbid curiosity.

Feltman: So what do we know about morbid curiosity? Why do humans like stuff that scares them or grosses them out?

Scrivner: Well, most people don’t enjoy the feelings of being grossed out, for example. But a lot of people will look if you say, “Oh, my gosh, this is so gross; you have to see this,” right? So it is kind of a weird thing. And, you know, one thing that I’ve found from my research is that a lot of people, especially when it comes to fear, may not necessarily enjoy the feeling of fear itself. Some people do: adrenaline junkies, for example, people, like, who like skydiving or who like roller coasters or things like that. And a lot of people—like a lot of horror fans even, for example—actually don’t necessarily enjoy the feeling of being afraid, but they do enjoy the feeling of overcoming that fear ...

Feltman: Hmm.

Scrivner: They enjoy the sort of, you know, self-confidence you get from tackling something difficult. And I think, you know, humans see this in other areas of their life, but it’s interesting, too, that it shows up in this sort of entertainment sector as well.

Feltman: Are we the only animals who like getting scared on purpose?

Scrivner: I don’t think so. You know, it’s always hard to tell what other animals enjoy versus don’t enjoy and just sort of—it’s hard to interpret behaviors, right, in that way. But we’re certainly not the only animals that put themselves in scary situations when they don’t have to or watch scary things when they don’t have to.

So for example, if you’re out [in the] Serengeti, you might see some Thomson’s gazelles grazing about, and you might see a cheetah kind of in the background, which is one of their natural predators. And what you’ll see is that—you know, you would expect if—you know, I’m not a gazelle, but if I was a gazelle, I would think, “Okay, if I saw a cheetah, I should probably run every single time,” right?

But that’s not actually what you see. Instead what you see is that some of the gazelles will actually stop and observe the cheetah. And it’s not random which gazelles do this; it’s actually the adolescents and the subadults, so kind of those gazelles who are young and healthy and fit and could escape if something happened but maybe don’t have as much exposure to their natural predators yet.

So the assumption there is that they are trying to learn something about their natural predators because, you know, cheetahs, like most cats, spend about 23 out of 24 hours of the day just lounging, right, and not actually hunting or eating or doing anything else. And so it’d be pretty inefficient for prey animals in general to always run every time they saw a predator. So instead what animals tend to do is gather information about potential threats, in particular their predators.

Feltman: That’s super interesting. What about primates? Do we have any research on how they engage with scary stuff?

Scrivner: Yeah, so there’s actually a pretty old observation of what I would consider morbid curiosity in primates. But [Charles] Darwin talks about it. He talks about hearing of this story where a man had a [box] with ... snake[s]..., live snake[s] in it, which obviously is a threat to most primates. He was in a zoo, and he would kind of set the bag down, and the primates would come up one by one and peek inside the bag, shriek, run about. But instead of the other primates running away, they would come up and do the same thing. It’s kind of like the “Here’s this scary thing; you have to see this,” right?

Feltman: Yeah.

Scrivner: I mean, I don’t know if they were enjoying it, right? That’s always hard to say. But they were certainly engaging in that behavior intentionally, knowing that it was something that scared one of the troop members. And Darwin actually replicated this experiment because he was so intrigued by it.

So, I mean, there’s some evidence there. There’s some more modern evidence, I think with vervet monkeys, that they do this as well; they inspect predators rather than just always running away. There’s, of course, some evidence in, I think, chimpanzees and, and maybe gorillas, too, that if there’s a dead conspecific somewhere, they will actually kind of go and poke it and prod at it, and, and there’s kind of an intrigue or a curiosity there about what it is or what happened.

Feltman: Mm, so I know you have done some work on the idea of scary play. Could you tell me more about what that is and what benefit it has for us?

Scrivner: Yeah, so scary play is, I think, just an extension of morbid curiosity, right? It’s when you take something scary or dangerous or gross or potentially threatening and you put it in a playful context so that you can better understand it and sort of enjoy that experience, as opposed to just tolerate that experience.

So like those monkeys, for example, peering inside of a bag with a snake in it, I would—you know, that’s something very close to scary play because they kept going back and doing it and seemed to, you know, be afraid while also intrigued and thrilled.

But of course, you know, no species engages in scary play quite like humans do, and that’s because we have storytelling, right? Basically, we can create fictional scenarios where we’re not actually in any danger. So we’re not peeking inside of a bag with a real snake in it; we’re watching someone else do that on a screen, right, or in a book, when they’re—we’re imagining the scenario or listening to a story of someone who did that.

And so what we can do then is we can take, you know, almost a numerous number of scenarios where there’s something threatening happening, and we can tweak it and play with it and, and make it in this very specific format or this very specific storyline, and we can kind of play with that. We can act it out through theater or through games like tag or hide-and-seek, which are pretty basic predator-prey interactions, right? If you watch kids play games like tag or hide-and-seek, there’s always one person who’s “it,” who’s hunting the other people, and if they catch you, you’re “it,” or you’re out, right?

And so I think, you know, humans do this in, in all kinds of different ways, whether it’s through physical sort of rough-and-tumble play or through imaginative stories: through video games or movies or other kinds of storytelling. We engage in all kinds of scary scenarios when they’re relatively safe—and, often enjoy it.

Feltman: Yeah, and what do you think some of the sort of, I don’t know, evolutionary or personal benefits of that are?

Scrivner: Yeah, well, you know, if—in other animals, the benefits of something like predator inspection, where you’re actually watching the predator, is to learn about threats, right? And I think that’s probably true in humans, maybe less so now that we have—you know, most of our scary play comes through fictional scenarios that may or may not ever exist.

But certainly, we can engage in scary play that mimics real-life scenarios. You know, we saw this, I would say, in 2020 with the pandemic. You had Contagion, which was, at that time, I think a nine-year-old movie ...

Feltman: Mm.

Scrivner: That kind of fell into obscurity. I mean, it was kind of popular when it came out, but it quickly fell into obscurity, and then in March of 2020 it became [one of] the most-watched movie[s] in the world, you know, and I don’t think that’s a coincidence, right? People were seeking out—in some ways, cognitively playing with—you know, what happens during a global pandemic, and the closest thing they could find to that was Contagion.

But I think there are other benefits as well besides just, you know, literally learning what to do in certain scenarios. I think the biggest benefit actually comes from your ability to manage feelings of fear and anxiety. Because if you set something in a playful frame, it allows you to kind of step back and pause and collect yourself and feel those emotions without the associated danger with them. And what that allows you to do is kind of practice dealing with those emotions—practice feeling afraid, practice feeling anxious—and practice kind of regulating those.

And we see that, you know, in—there’s some research out of the Games—I think it’s the Games for Emotional and Mental Health Lab. They’ve created a game called MindLight that does exactly that; it’s a scary game for kids. They wear a EEG band, and it gives them some, some biofeedback. And basically, the kids play this scary game and, you know, have to face these different kinds of monsters, and if they get too anxious, it’ll have ’em pause and practice certain kinds of techniques from cognitive-behavioral therapy and kind of get through that scary moment so that they can continue the game and play through to the end. And it’s been shown to be, you know, as effective as cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing anxiety, which is pretty incredible because that’s, like, the gold standard for reducing and treating anxiety.

Feltman: Yeah, very cool. What do you think people can learn from the fact that, you know, we have this really interesting, very old relationship with morbid curiosity?

Scrivner: I think a lot of people, you know, when they first experience that, or, you know, let’s say someone is a horror fan, it can be kind of alienating if other people aren’t horror fans and they don’t understand, you know, “Oh, this person likes movies where people are dying or where there’s blood and gore, so they must be a psychopath or have no empathy.” And, you know, my research shows that that’s actually almost, if anything, the opposite: horror fans not only have pretty much the same levels of empathy as other people, they actually...[full transcript]